The Libyan Desert
Scarps, Depressions and Oases

The Desert of Libya (aka Western Desert) covers about 700,000 square kilometres (equivalent in size to Texas) and accounts for about two-thirds of Egypt's land area. This immense desert to the west of the Nile spans the area from the Mediterranean Sea south to the Sudanese border.

Scarps (ridges) and deep depressions (basins) exist in several parts of the desert, and no rivers or streams drain into or out of the area.

The Libyan Desert

The desert's Jilf al Kabir Plateau has an altitude of about 1,000 meters, an exception to the uninterrupted territory of basement rocks covered by layers of horizontally bedded sediments forming a massive plain or low plateau.

There are seven important depressions in the Libyan Desert, and all are considered oases except the largest, Qattara, the water of which is salty.

Limited agricultural production, the presence of some natural resources, and permanent settlements are found in the other six depressions, all of which have fresh water provided by the Nile or by local groundwater.

The Qattara Depression is approximately 15,000 square km (about the size of Connecticut and Rhode Island), and is largely below sea level (its lowest point is 133 meters below sea level).

The sparsely inhabited Qattara Depression is covered by:

• Badlands
• Salt marshes
• Salt lakes

The Siwah Oasis, close to the Libyan border and west of Qattara, is isolated from the rest of Egypt but has sustained life since ancient times.

Libyan Desert - Siwa Oasis

The Siwa's cliff-hung Temple of Amun was renowned for its oracles for more than 1,000 years. Herodotus and Alexander the Great were among the many illustrious people who visited the temple in the pre-Christian era.

The other major oases form a topographic chain of basins extending from the Al Fayyum Oasis (sometimes called the Fayyum Depression) which lies sixty kilometres southwest of Cairo, south to the Bahriyah, Farafirah, and Dakhilah oases before reaching the country's largest oasis, Kharijah.

The Fayyum Oasis

A brackish lake, Birkat Qarun, at the northern reaches of Al Fayyum Oasis, drained into the Nile in ancient times.

For centuries sweet water artesian wells in the Fayyum Oasis have permitted extensive cultivation in an irrigated area that extends over 1,800 square kilometres of the Libyan Desert.

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